Q6(c). Write briefly on the following: I. Hepatitis; II. Typhoid

I. Hepatitis

Hepatitis refers to inflammation of the liver, commonly caused by viral infections Hepatitis A, B, C, D and E.

• Hepatitis A and E spread through contaminated food and water.
• Hepatitis B and C spread through blood transfusion, unsafe injections, and sexual contact.

India bears a significant disease burden; Hepatitis B affects ~40 million Indians (WHO). The government implements the National Viral Hepatitis Control Programme (2018) for screening, vaccination, and free treatment. Haryana runs regular Hepatitis-B vaccination drives across districts.

II. Typhoid

Typhoid is a bacterial infection caused by Salmonella typhi, transmitted through contaminated water or food. Symptoms include prolonged fever, headache, abdominal pain and weakness. It is common in areas with poor sanitation and unsafe drinking water. India records over 1 crore cases annually (ICMR). Prevention includes vaccination, hand hygiene, and safe water supply. Under Jal Jeevan Mission, states like Haryana improved tap-water access to reduce enteric diseases including typhoid.