Poverty, Unemployment, Social Justice and Inclusive Growth · UPPCS (Uttar Pradesh)

What the official syllabus says

UPPCS Main Examination, General Studies III:
Issues of Poverty, Unemployment, Social justice and inclusive growth.

This line is about the outcomes of growth: who is poor and why, how work is measured, and how the State tries to make growth reach everyone.

Absolute and relative poverty; income, consumption and multidimensional approaches
Poverty line committees: Alagh (1979), Lakdawala (1993), Tendulkar (2009), Rangarajan (2014); calorie norms and the shift to a basket of goods and services
Consumption surveys of the National Sample Survey and the Household Consumption Expenditure Survey
Multidimensional Poverty Index: health, education and standard of living; the global index of UNDP and Oxford, and NITI Aayog's national index
Causes of poverty: low productivity in agriculture, unemployment and underemployment, inflation, illiteracy, ill health, social exclusion, regional backwardness
Rural and urban poverty; the poverty of particular groups (landless labourers, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, women-headed households)

Wage employment: the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005 (100 days of work a year to a rural household on demand)
Self-employment and livelihoods: IRDP (1978), Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (1999), National Rural Livelihoods Mission (2011) and self-help groups; Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana-National Urban Livelihoods Mission
Social assistance: National Social Assistance Programme (1995), old-age, widow and disability pensions
Housing, food and basic services: Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana, the National Food Security Act, 2013, drinking water and sanitation programmes
Financial inclusion: Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (2014), Direct Benefit Transfer and the JAM trinity (Jan Dhan, Aadhaar, mobile)

Types: structural, frictional, cyclical, seasonal, disguised, educated unemployment; underemployment
Measurement: usual status, current weekly status and current daily status; labour force participation rate, worker population ratio, unemployment rate
Periodic Labour Force Survey of the National Statistical Office (from 2017-18)
Features of Indian employment: large informal sector, self-employment, low female labour force participation, shift out of agriculture into construction and services
Jobless growth debate; the demographic dividend and its conditions
Skilling and job creation: Skill India, Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (2015), apprenticeship, MSME credit (Mudra loans)
Labour law reform: the four labour codes (Code on Wages, 2019; Industrial Relations Code, 2020; Code on Social Security, 2020; Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code, 2020)

Constitutional base: the Preamble, Articles 38, 39 and 46, Articles 15(4), 16(4) and 17
Economic dimensions of social justice: access to land, credit, education and health
Protective and promotional measures for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, Other Backward Classes, minorities, women and persons with disabilities
Social security for unorganised workers; the e-Shram registration of unorganised workers

Meaning: broad-based growth that shares its benefits across groups and regions; its place in the Eleventh and Twelfth Plans
Measuring inequality: Lorenz curve, Gini coefficient, wealth and consumption inequality; the Kuznets curve
Regional disparities between and within States
Trickle-down growth and direct intervention; targeting, leakages and the role of technology in delivery
Gender and inclusion: women's work, unpaid care work, women-led development

General Studies II: welfare schemes for vulnerable sections and mechanisms for their protection.
General Studies VI: UP Government schemes, human resources and skill development, and developmental indices of Uttar Pradesh.
Essay: poverty, inequality and employment are frequent essay themes.