Policies of Developed and Developing Countries, and the Indian Diaspora · UPPCS (Uttar Pradesh)

What the official syllabus says

Main Examination, General Studies II:

Effect of policies and politics of developed and developing countries on India's interests; Indian diaspora.

Trade policy: tariffs, withdrawal of trade preferences, WTO disputes, farm subsidies in rich countries
Immigration and visa policies (such as work visas for skilled professionals) and their effect on Indian workers and students
Sanctions regimes (on Iran and Russia) and their effect on India's oil imports, Chabahar and defence purchases
Climate policy: common but differentiated responsibilities, climate finance commitments, carbon border measures such as the EU's Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism
Technology and data: export controls on advanced technologies, data protection and localisation rules
Monetary policy of major central banks and its effect on capital flows and the rupee
Intellectual property and access to medicines; the TRIPS waiver debate during COVID-19

China's Belt and Road Initiative and lending to India's neighbours
Gulf countries' labour and nationalisation policies affecting Indian workers
Oil producers' output decisions and India's energy security
South-South co-operation and the Global South: India's Voice of the Global South summits; development partnership through lines of credit and grants

Regime changes and instability in the neighbourhood; elections in major powers and shifts in policy towards India
Great-power rivalry (USA, China, Russia) and India's strategic autonomy and multi-alignment

Categories: Non-Resident Indians, Persons of Indian Origin, Overseas Citizens of India (PIO card merged with OCI in 2015)
History: indentured labour (1834 to 1917) to Mauritius, Fiji, Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana and Suriname, much of it from eastern Uttar Pradesh and Bihar; later migration to the Gulf, the UK, the USA and Canada
Contribution: remittances (India is the world's largest recipient), investment, knowledge transfer, soft power and lobbying
Engagement: Pravasi Bharatiya Divas (9 January, marking Gandhi's return from South Africa in 1915), Know India Programme, Indian Community Welfare Fund
Protection: Emigration Act, 1983, e-Migrate, evacuation operations (Operation Rahat, Vande Bharat Mission, Operation Ganga, Operation Kaveri)
Issues: exploitation of workers in the Gulf, racial attacks, extremist groups abroad, voting rights of overseas Indians

General Studies I: human migration and the refugee problem of the world with focus on India.
General Studies III: effects of liberalisation and globalisation on the economy.