Q4(a). “Expansion of separatist movements is a bigger threat in India.” Explain.

“National security today is not just about external borders, but internal cohesion.”

- Second ARC Report

Separatist movements in India rooted in ethnic identity, political alienation, underdevelopment, and cross-border interference pose one of the biggest internal security challenges. Their expansion threatens territorial integrity, social harmony, and long-term development.

Major Causes Behind the Expansion of Separatism

1. Historical and Ethnic Grievances

Regions like Kashmir, Nagaland, Manipur and Punjab have deep historical identities. Lack of early integration mechanisms created mistrust toward the Union.

2. Economic Underdevelopment

The North-East accounts for only 3% of India’s GDP despite being resource-rich. Poor connectivity, unemployment, and low state capacity fuel alienation.

3. External Influence and Cross-Border Support

Pakistan’s interference in Kashmir (UN reports), safe havens in Myanmar for North-East insurgents, and Khalistani elements abroad amplify separatism.

4. Governance Deficit and Human Rights Concerns

Delays in justice, excessive centralisation, and lack of local political empowerment create feelings of exclusion.

Why Separatism Is a Bigger Threat Today

1. Rise of Social Media Radicalisation

Digital platforms allow rapid mobilisation and spread of misinformation. The MHA report (2022) flags digital propaganda by Kashmir-centric groups.

2. Linkages with Terrorism and Organised Crime

Separatist groups in Kashmir, Northeast and Maoist zones receive arms through illegal networks. Over 1,500 violent incidents in LWE areas were recorded between 2015–2022.

3. Threat to Development Projects

Insurgency delays highways, hydro-power, and border infrastructure. Example: attacks on contractors in Manipur and Arunachal slow strategic connectivity.

4. Communal Polarisation

Separatism weakens societal trust and creates ethnic clashes (e.g., 2023 Manipur violence).

Government Response

• Integrated Internal Security Strategy (SAMADHAN doctrine)
• Aspirational Districts Programme reducing LWE violence by 70% since 2010
• North-East Peace Accords with Bodos, NLFT, Bru-Reang
• Article 370 abrogation (2019) reducing terror incidents in J&K

Separatism undermines unity and development. India must combine security, dialogue, decentralisation, and socio-economic justice to counter it effectively.