Q5(c). Short Notes on: Self-Help Groups (SHGs); Negative Inflation (Deflation); Sustainable Development; GM Crops

Self-Help Groups (SHGs)

SHGs consist of 10–20 women pooling savings for credit and livelihood activities. Under DAY-NRLM, India has over 8 crore women in SHGs. Haryana’s women SHGs produce pickles, handloom, dairy products and run community kitchens, boosting rural incomes and social empowerment.

Negative Inflation (Deflation)

Deflation occurs when overall prices fall, reducing consumer spending and investment. It increases the real burden of debt and causes slowing economic activity. Japan’s “lost decade” is a classic example. India rarely faces deflation due to high domestic demand.

Sustainable Development

Defined by the Brundtland Commission (1987), sustainable development balances economic growth, environmental protection, and social equity. India works toward SDGs using renewable energy expansion (175+ GW), waste management missions and NAPCC. Haryana promotes solar rooftop plants under its State Action Plan for Climate Change.

GM Crops

Genetically Modified crops are engineered for traits like pest resistance. India officially permits Bt cotton, which increased yields by 30–60%. Debates continue on GM mustard due to biosafety concerns. Haryana grows Bt cotton extensively in Sirsa and Hisar.