Match List I with List II. LIST I (Pedogenic Process) A. Podzolization B. Laterization C. Calcification D. Gleization LIST II (Description) 1. It is associated with humid cold mid-latitude climates and coniferous vegetation 2. It is associated with soils found in tropical and subtropical environments 3. It is associated with warm, semi-arid environments, usually in grassland vegetation where evapotranspiration exceeds precipitation 4. It is associated with poorly drained and water logged areas of cold climates and peat is found in the upper portion of the soil

Podzolization

• It is a soil formation process characterized by the leaching of soluble substances and the accumulation of iron, aluminum, and organic matter in the lower layers of the soil profile, leading to the formation of podzols.
• This process is particularly relevant in regions with cold, wet climates, such as coniferous forests.

Laterization

• It is a soil-forming process that occurs in hot and humid tropical regions, leading to the formation of laterite soils.
• It is characterized by intense chemical weathering, leaching of silica, and the accumulation of iron and aluminum oxides.

Calcification

• It is a soil-forming process that occurs in arid and semi-arid regions, where there is limited leaching due to low rainfall.
• This process leads to the accumulation of calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) in the soil, often forming a hardened layer known as caliche or calcrete.

Gleization

• It is a soil formation process that occurs under conditions of poor drainage, typically in waterlogged areas with limited oxygen availability.
• This process leads to the accumulation of organic matter and the reduction of iron, resulting in characteristic gray or bluish-gray soils, known as gley soils.