Q2(b). Evaluate the Human Rights Issues in India.

“Human rights are the foundation of human dignity.” - UNHRC

India’s constitutional democracy guarantees fundamental rights, yet persistent socio-economic inequalities and governance gaps create human rights vulnerabilities.

Key Human Rights Issues

1. Gender-based Violence

NCRB 2023 records 4 lakh+ crimes against women, including domestic violence, trafficking, and sexual assault.

2. Child Rights Concerns

Malnutrition (NFHS-5: 35.5% stunted), child labour, trafficking, and abuse despite POCSO and JJAct.

3. Caste and Tribal Vulnerabilities

Atrocities against SC/ST communities remain high. Displacement of tribal groups due to mining, dams, and forests remains a concern.

4. Freedom of Speech & Digital Rights

Internet shutdowns, privacy concerns, and misuse of misinformation affect civil liberties.

5. Custodial Violence & Delayed Justice

NCRB 2022 reports multiple custodial deaths and overcrowded prisons (occupancy 130%).

6. Labour & Migrant Rights

During COVID-19, millions of migrant workers faced livelihood collapse, revealing structural gaps.

Example

The state strengthened rights through One-Stop Centres, Sakhi schemes, State Human Rights Commission, and anti-trafficking units, yet issues like honour killings and gender imbalance persist.

Human rights protection requires resilient institutions, social awareness, timely justice delivery, and a rights-based development approach.