With reference to the Mughal administration, which among the following options is connected to the features of Mansabdari 'System'?

• The term Mansabdar refers to an individual who holds a Mansab, meaning a position or rank. It was a grading system used by the Mughals to fix : rank, salary and military responsibilities.
• Rank and salary were determined by a numerical value called Zat. The higher the Zat, the more prestigious was the noble’s position in court and the larger his salary.
• The Mansabdar’s military responsibilities required him to maintain a specified number of Sawar or cavalrymen.
• Zat denotes the rank in the administration and the Salary of the Mansabdar and Sawar denotes the number of cavalrymen Mansabdar had to maintain.
• Even if the Sawar rank was higher, the Mansabdar’s position in the official hierarchy would not be affected. It will be decided only by the Zat rank.
• The Mansabdar brought his cavalrymen for review, got them registered, their horses branded and then received money to pay them as salary.
• As the empire expanded to encompass different regions the Mughals recruited diverse bodies of people. Those who joined Mughal service were enrolled as Mansabdars. These include Indian Muslims, Afghans, Rajputs, Marathas and other groups.
• Mansabdars received their salaries as revenue assignments called jagirs which were somewhat like iqtas.
• But unlike Muqtis, most Mansabdars did not actually reside in or administer their jagirs. They only had rights to the revenue of their assignments.

Additional information

Barkat and Fana

• These are terms with significant spiritual and mystical connotations in the context of Sufism and Islamic philosophy.
• Barkat (also spelled as Barakat or Barakah) refers to blessings, divine grace, or spiritual abundance.
• Fana means annihilation or dissolution in Arabic. In the context of Sufism, Fana refers to the mystical state of losing oneself completely in the divine presence of God. It represents the annihilation of the self (ego) and the union with the divine.

Namus and Din

• These are terms with significant religious and ethical connotations, particularly within the context of Islamic tradition.
• Namus refers to honor, dignity, or moral integrity, particularly concerning a person's family, especially the women. In many Islamic cultures, Namus is a central concept related to the protection of family honor and reputation.
• Din (or Deen) in Arabic means religion, faith, or way of life. In the Islamic context, Din refers to the comprehensive way of life that encompasses religious beliefs, practices, and moral conduct as prescribed by Islam.

Peshkash and Nazr

• These are terms that were historically significant in the context of Mughal administration and Indian feudal systems.
• Peshkash refers to a form of tribute, gift, or offering that was paid by subordinate rulers, zamindars, or chiefs to the Mughal emperor or a higher authority as a mark of loyalty and submission.
• Nazr (or Nazar) refers to a voluntary offering or gift made to a superior, such as a ruler, religious leader, or dignitary, as a sign of respect, devotion, or loyalty.